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Brenda Winkel-Shirley 1Department of Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061–0406 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic
Plant Physiology, Volume 126, Issue 2, June 2001, Pages 485–493, https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.126.2.485
Published:
01 June 2001
Article history
Received:
20 November 2000
Accepted:
19 March 2001
Published:
01 June 2001
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Brenda Winkel-Shirley, Flavonoid Biosynthesis. A Colorful Model for Genetics, Biochemistry, Cell Biology, and Biotechnology, Plant Physiology, Volume 126, Issue 2, June 2001, Pages 485–493, https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.126.2.485
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The role of flavonoids as the major red, blue, and purple pigments in plants has gained these secondary products a great deal of attention over the years. From the first description of acid and base effects on plant pigments by Robert Boyle in 1664 to the characterization of structural and regulatory genes in the late 20th century, a wealth of information has been collected on the structures, chemical activities, and biosynthesis of these compounds. Flavonoids constitute a relatively diverse family of aromatic molecules that are derived from Phe and malonyl-coenzyme A (CoA; via the fatty acid pathway). These compounds include six major subgroups that are found in most higher plants: the chalcones, flavones, flavonols, flavandiols, anthocyanins, and condensed tannins (or proanthocyanidins); a seventh group, the aurones, is widespread, but not ubiquitous (Fig. 1). Some plant species also synthesize specialized forms of flavonoids, such as the isoflavonoids that are found in legumes and a small number of nonlegume plants. Similarly, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), maize (Zea mays), and gloxinia (Sinningia cardinalis) are among the few species known to synthesize 3-deoxyanthocyanins (or phlobaphenes in the polymerized form). The stilbenes, which are closely related to flavonoids, are synthesized by yet another group of unrelated species that includes grape (Vitis vinifera), peanut (Arachis hypogaea), and pine (Pinus sylvestris). Thus, it appears that branches in this pathway have evolved multiple times or been lost from specific plant lineages over the course of evolution.!!...!!
Issue Section:
UPDATE ON FLAVONOID BIOSYNTHESIS
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